Union-Find,并查集基础

Union-Find,并查集基础

并查集是一个用于解决 disjoint sets 类问题的常用数据结构,用于处理集合中

  • 元素的归属 find

  • 集合的融合 union

  • Online algorithm, stream of input

  • 计算 number of connected components

  • 不支持 delete

我做并查集问题的时候,最喜欢的方式是直接无脑撸一个 weighted union find class 出来,然后在具体问题上直接调用接口。。

以下是 Princeton 的 Algorithm 算法课上的样例代码,这老头可真喜欢用 array 啊。。。他的并查集和KMP算法构建方式都稍微有点麻烦。

public class WeightedQuickUnionPathCompressionUF {
    private int[] parent;  // parent[i] = parent of i
    private int[] size;    // size[i] = number of sites in tree rooted at i
                           // Note: not necessarily correct if i is not a root node
    private int count;     // number of components

    public WeightedQuickUnionPathCompressionUF(int N) {
        count = N;
        parent = new int[N];
        size = new int[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            parent[i] = i;
            size[i] = 1;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @return the number of components
     */
    public int count() {
        return count;
    }


    /**
     * @return the component identifier for the component containing site 
     */
    public int find(int p) {
        int root = p;
        while (root != parent[root])
            root = parent[root];
        while (p != root) {
            int newp = parent[p];
            parent[p] = root;
            p = newp;
        }
        return root;
    }

   /**
     * @return true if the two sites p and qare in the same component;
     *         false otherwise
     */
    public boolean connected(int p, int q) {
        return find(p) == find(q);
    }

    /**
     * Merges the component containing site p with the 
     * the component containing site q.
     *
     * @param  p the integer representing one site
     * @param  q the integer representing the other site
     */
    public void union(int p, int q) {
        int rootP = find(p);
        int rootQ = find(q);
        if (rootP == rootQ) return;

        // make smaller root point to larger one
        if (size[rootP] < size[rootQ]) {
            parent[rootP] = rootQ;
            size[rootQ] += size[rootP];
        }
        else {
            parent[rootQ] = rootP;
            size[rootP] += size[rootQ];
        }
        count--;
    }

实际操作中,用 HashMap 做 parent 和 size 比起数组有着不可比拟的优越性。。比如下面这题

其实我们建的是对于每一个元素的 1-1 mapping,或者说是一个 元素之间的 graph,表示 join 关系。

中间有一个 [2147483646,-2147483647,0,2,2147483644,-2147483645,2147483645] 的 test case 始终出 bug,把 find 函数的返回 type 从 int 改到 Integer 就好了。

看来以后不能总是假设 int 和 Integer 是完全相等的,尤其是这种在 hashmap 里以 Integer 为 Key 的情况,要尽可能的保持类型正确。

public class Solution {
    private class WeightedUnionFind{
        private HashMap<Integer, Integer> parent;
        private HashMap<Integer, Integer> size;
        private int maxSize;

        public WeightedUnionFind(){}
        public WeightedUnionFind(int[] nums){
            int N = nums.length;
            parent = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
            size = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
            maxSize = 1;

            for(int i = 0; i < N; i++){
                parent.put(nums[i], nums[i]);
                size.put(nums[i], 1);
            }
        }

        private int getMaxSize(){
            return this.maxSize;
        }

        // With path compression
        public Integer find(Integer num){
            if(!parent.containsKey(num)) return null;

            Integer root = num;
            while(root != parent.get(root)){
                root = parent.get(root);
            }
            while(num != root){
                Integer next = parent.get(num);
                parent.put(num, root);
                num = next;
            }

            return root;
        }

        public void union(int p, int q){
            Integer pRoot = find(p);
            Integer qRoot = find(q);

            if(pRoot == null || qRoot == null) return;
            if(pRoot == qRoot) return;

            int pSize = size.get(pRoot);
            int qSize = size.get(qRoot);



            if(pSize > qSize){
                parent.put(qRoot, pRoot);
                size.put(pRoot, pSize + qSize);
                maxSize = Math.max(maxSize, pSize + qSize);
            } else {
                parent.put(pRoot, qRoot);
                size.put(qRoot, pSize + qSize);
                maxSize = Math.max(maxSize, pSize + qSize);
            }
        }


    }
    public int longestConsecutive(int[] nums) {
        if(nums == null || nums.length == 0) return 0;

        WeightedUnionFind uf = new WeightedUnionFind(nums);

        for(int num : nums){
            if(num != Integer.MIN_VALUE) uf.union(num, num - 1);
            if(num != Integer.MAX_VALUE) uf.union(num, num + 1);
        }

        return uf.maxSize;
    }
}
  • 仅仅对于这题而言,还有其他的做法,比如每次看到新元素都往两边扫。不过不是这章内容的主题。

  • 另一种简单易懂的做法是用 HashMap 动态维护 “区间”,思路简洁易懂,面试遇到这题的话推荐还是用 HashMap,别用并查集。

public int longestConsecutive(int[] nums) {
    int maxLen = 0;
    if(nums == null) return maxLen;
    Set<Integer> unvisited = getSet(nums);
    for (int n : nums){
        if(unvisited.isEmpty())break;
        if(!unvisited.remove(n))continue;
        int len = 1;
        int leftOffset = -1;
        int rightOffset = 1;
        while(unvisited.remove(n+leftOffset--))len++;
        while(unvisited.remove(n+rightOffset++))len++;
        maxLen = Math.max(maxLen,len);
    }
    return maxLen;

}

private Set<Integer> getSet( int [] array){
    Set<Integer> set = new HashSet<>();
    for(int n : array) set.add(n);
    return set;
}

  • 常犯错误:二维转一维 index 的时候总乘错,搞混。正确的是 x * cols + y,以后自己想的时候还是用 rows / cols 吧

  • 在这题里降维成一维 index 是可以的,不过要注意边界处理,否则某一行的最后一个元素会连通到下一行的第一个元素上去。

public class Solution {
    private class WeightedUnionFind{
        HashMap<Integer, Integer> parent;
        HashMap<Integer, Integer> size;
        int count;

        public WeightedUnionFind(){
            parent = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
            size = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
            count = 0;
        }

        public Integer find(Integer index){
            if(!parent.containsKey(index)) return null;

            Integer root = index;
            while(root != parent.get(root)){
                root = parent.get(root);
            }
            while(index != root){
                Integer next = parent.get(index);
                parent.put(index, root);
                index = next;
            }
            return root;
        }

        public void union(Integer a, Integer b){
            Integer aRoot = find(a);
            Integer bRoot = find(b);
            if(aRoot == null || bRoot == null) return;
            if(aRoot.equals(bRoot)) return;

            int aSize = size.get(aRoot);
            int bSize = size.get(bRoot);

            if(aSize > bSize){
                parent.put(bRoot, aRoot);
                size.put(aRoot, aSize + bSize);
            } else {
                parent.put(aRoot, bRoot);
                size.put(bRoot, aSize + bSize);
            }
            count --;
        }

        public void add(Integer index){
            if(!parent.containsKey(index)){
                parent.put(index, index);
                size.put(index, 1);
                count ++;
            }
        }

        public int getCount(){
            return this.count;
        }

    }



    public List<Integer> numIslands2(int m, int n, int[][] positions) {
        List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        if(positions == null || positions.length == 0) return list;
        WeightedUnionFind uf = new WeightedUnionFind();

        for(int i = 0; i < positions.length; i++){
            int x = positions[i][0];
            int y = positions[i][1];
            int index = x * n + y;

            uf.add(index);

            if(x + 1 <= m - 1)   uf.union(index, (x + 1) * n + y);
            if(x > 0)            uf.union(index, (x - 1) * n + y);
            if(y + 1 <= n - 1)   uf.union(index, x * n + y + 1);
            if(y > 0)            uf.union(index, x * n + y - 1);

            list.add(uf.getCount());
        }

        return list;
    }

}

这题如果是把所有的 nodes 给你,其实很好做,每个点做 dfs 就好了,用 hashset 避免重复访问,毕竟是 undirected graph.

然而这题比较 gay 的地方在于。。。数据是以一个个 edge 的方式给你的,强行让你以一个 union-find 的方式一个一个节点添加,那么显然读取所有 edges 建图再去 dfs 就是很不现实的做法,而且也失去了 online algorithm 的优势。

  • 对于 Integer type,要用 a.equals(b),不要用 ==

代码轻松愉快~

public class Solution {
    private class WeightedUnionFind{
        HashMap<Integer, Integer> parent;
        HashMap<Integer, Integer> size;
        int count;

        public WeightedUnionFind(){}
        public WeightedUnionFind(int n){
            parent = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
            size = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
            count = n;
            for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
                parent.put(i, i);
                size.put(i, 1);
            }
        }

        public Integer find(Integer node){
            if(!parent.containsKey(node)) return null;

            Integer root = node;
            while(root != parent.get(root)){
                root = parent.get(root);
            }
            while(node != root){
                Integer next = parent.get(node);
                parent.put(node, root);
                node = next;
            }

            return root;
        }

        public void union(Integer p, Integer q){
            Integer pRoot = find(p);
            Integer qRoot = find(q);
            if(pRoot == null || qRoot == null) return;
            if(pRoot.equals(qRoot)) return;

            int pSize = size.get(pRoot);
            int qSize = size.get(qRoot);

            if(pSize > qSize){
                parent.put(qRoot, pRoot);
                size.put(pRoot, pSize + qSize);
            } else {
                parent.put(pRoot, qRoot);
                size.put(qRoot, pSize + qSize);
            }
            count --;
        }

        public int getCount(){
            return this.count;
        }

    }
    public int countComponents(int n, int[][] edges) {
        if(edges == null || edges.length == 0) return n;
        WeightedUnionFind uf = new WeightedUnionFind(n);

        for(int i = 0; i < edges.length; i++){
            int node1 = edges[i][0];
            int node2 = edges[i][1];

            uf.union(node1, node2);
        }

        return uf.getCount();
    }
}

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